This equation can also be written in a more generalized fashion as ${F}_{\text{D}}=b{v}^{2},$ where b is a constant equivalent to $0.5C\rho A. A fluid stream exerts a drag force FD on any obstacle placed in its path, and the same force arises if the obstacle moves and the fluid is stationary. 3 BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY In order to complete this tutorial you should already have completed tutorial 1 and 2 … Another interesting force in everyday life is the force of drag on an object when it is moving in a fluid (either a gas or a liquid). The drag force always acts in the opposite direction to the flow of fluid. Momentum equation: in general fluid mechanics, this equation is expressed as Newton’s law. English. Addeddate 2019-01-13 08:44:25 Identifier FluidDynamicDragHoerner1965 Identifier-ark ark:/13960/t57f0bk2j Ocr ABBYY FineReader 11.0 (Extended OCR) Ppi 300 Scanner Internet Archive … Therefore, bodies with a larger surface area will experience a larger friction drag. If the motion of the body exists in the fluid-like air it is known as aerodynamic drag. One-third of this force is transmitted to the sphere by shear stresses near the equator, and the remaining two-thirds are due to the pressure being higher at the front of the sphere than at the rear. F d = drag force (N) c d = drag coefficient. Britannica Kids Holiday Bundle! when the fluid is air, the study of these phenomena is Aerodynamics. Spin is created by applying a force that is off centre to the object being thrown (or kicked) at the point of release. Drag forces are conventionally Lift and drag over bodies and use of lift and drag coefficients 11. The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow direction. If the cross-sectional area of the plane is 110 m2, calculate the drag force. This is as far as theory can go with this problem. Drag forces are conventionally described by a drag coefficient, defined irrespective of the shape of the body. This type of drag force, depends especially on the geometry, the roughness of the solid surface (only in turbulent flow) and on the type of fluid flow. It is at the rear of the obstacle that separation occurs, and it is therefore the rear that needs streamlining. This other line, known as the bound vortex, is not immediately apparent in the diagram because it is attached to the plate, and it remains thus attached as the starting vortex is swept away downstream. Q.1: The distance amid two pistons is 0.015 mm and the viscous fluid flowing through produces a force of 1.2 N per square meter to keep these two plates move at a speed 35 cm/s. Drag Force. The circulation around an airfoil, however, is created by its forward motion; it arises as soon as the airfoil moves fast enough to shed its first eddy. when the fluid is air, the study of these phenomena is Aerodynamics. F D = drag force (N) c D = drag coefficient. Lift and Drag Force April 17, 2019 April 17, 2019 Admin 0 Comments. The drag acting on a moving object such as a ship or an aeroplane must be overcome by the propulsion system. • Two fluids of interest – Water –Air • In some cases, fluid forces have little effect on an object’s motion (e.g., shotput) • In other cases, fluid forces are significant – badminton, baseball, swimming, cycling, etc. The drag coefficient C is 0.5 for a spherical object and can reach 2 for irregularly shaped objects according to Serway. The drag force on a transverse flat plate of any shape can normally be estimated quite accurately, provided its edges are sharp, by assuming the drag coefficient to be unity. 25-Pump Cavitation 37-Fluidized Beds Drag Force Terminal Velocity Project 2 Fluids Mechanics 2016 2 Project 3 For Fluids Mechanics Preview text FLUID MECHANICS TUTORIAL No. We have already discussed that drag and lift forces will be dependent over the various factors such as density of the fluid, upstream velocity, size, shape and orientation of the body. Hydrodynamics, general. The height of the liquid column can be used to calculate the static pressure of a fluid by using the following formula. It should be stressed that the curves in Figure 16 are universal only so long as the velocity v0 is much less than the speed of sound. Re indicates when inertial forces for the fluid flow are large compared to the viscous forces. After understanding the fundamentals of drag and lift force, we will see now drag and lift coefficient, with the help of this post. There is a considerable range of R in the middle of the diagram over which CD is about 0.5, but when R reaches about 3 × 10−5 it falls dramatically, to about 0.1. The circulation around the closed loop shown by a broken curve in this diagram was zero before the eddy formed and, according to Thomson’s theorem (see above Potential flow), it must still be zero. The reference area is the frontal area of the body that is perpendicular to the flow direction. The equation is: Fluid Mechanics Problems for Qualifying Exam (Fall 2014) 1. Use Fluid mechanics formula. By stretching this out in the manner suggested in Figure 17A, the pressure gradient acting on the boundary layer behind the obstacle can be much reduced. Drag Force – Drag Equation. Spin. $$D=\frac{0.25*1.2\frac{kg}{m^{2}}360000\frac{m}{km}110m^{2}}{2*3600}$$. The drag force can be expressed as: F d = c d 1/2 ρ v 2 A (1) where. After understanding the fundamentals of drag and lift force, we will see now drag and lift coefficient, with the help of this post. Fluid Mechanics is an important and fundamental branch of Physics. There is a limit to the lift that can be generated in this way, however, for if the inclination is too great the boundary layer separates behind the wing’s leading edge, and the bound vortex, on which the lift depends, may be shed as a result. Basic 1-D compressible fluid flow ... Find an expression for the drag force on the plate. The rear edge is made as sharp as possible for reasons that have already been explained, and it may take the form of hinged flaps that are lowered at takeoff. 3 BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY In order to complete this tutorial you should already have completed tutorial 1 and 2 … Velocity, V=600 km.h-1, The drag force is given as: When a solid object moves through a fluid it will experience a resistive force, called the drag force, opposing its motion. Introduction Drag force is caused by a fluid (such as water or air; or any liquid or gas) impinging upon an object. Drag, force exerted by a fluid stream on any obstacle in its path or felt by an object moving through a fluid. Fluid Mechanics • Fluid Mechanics: the study of forces that develop when an object moves through a fluid medium. The validity of the formula does not depend in any way on the precise shape of the airfoil, any more than the force exerted by a magnetic field on a wire carrying a current depends on the cross-sectional shape of the wire. Required fields are marked *. $$D=\frac{0.25*1.2*6400*6}{2*3600}$$, Question 2. The drag equation is a formula used to calculate the drag force experienced by an object due to movement through a fluid. The circulation and the lift can also be increased by increasing the angle α (see Figure 17B) at which the main part of the airfoil is inclined to the direction of motion. uts 48641 fluid mechanics laboratory report drag and flow by william ching 11994326 alex goria anthony tia dean shi completed 23rd september 2016 48641 fluid The drag acting on a moving object such as a ship or an aeroplane must be overcome by the propulsion system. 1.1 SKIN FRICTION DRAG When v0 is comparable with the speed of sound, VS, the compressibility of the fluid becomes relevant, which means that the drag coefficient has to be regarded as dependent on the dimensionless ratio M = v0/VS, known as the Mach number, as well as on the Reynolds number. The drag force is a function of the fluid velocity and density along with the object's reference area and drag coefficient. The drag force, F D,depends on the density of the fluid, the upstream velocity, and the size, shape, and orientation of the body, among other things. It is the expression describing the relationship of the force applied onto the fluid unit and the mass of the fluid in the unit and velocity of fluid movement. When an object is immersed in a fluid stream, there is phenomena of friction and turbulence. Inertial force = F I Viscous force = F u μ Re Vh Re indicates when inertial forces for the fluid flow are large compared to the viscous forces. The thrust power required to overcome the drag force can be calculated. A plane moves with the velocity of 600 km.h-1 with a drag coefficient of 0.25. And, if the fluid is water it is known as hydrodynamic drag. When a body slides across a surface, the frictional force on it is approximately constant and given by $$\mu_{k}N$$. This flatness is linked to the fact that a disk has sharp edges around which the streamlines converge and diverge rapidly. The formula reproduces the limiting cases for gas bubbles and solid spheres, as well as the exact Hadamard-Rybczynski solution. It does show up, however, in a modification of the flow pattern immediately behind the plate, where the streamlines no longer diverge as they do in Figure 18A. Solution: If the motion of the body exists in the fluid-like air it is known as aerodynamic drag. In 17B the obstacle is the wing of an aircraft with a slot through its leading edge; the current of air channeled through this slot imparts forward momentum to the fluid in the boundary layer on the upper surface of the wing to hinder this fluid from moving backward. Hydrodynamic Resistance (R h) is related to the flow rate Q in a channel which is proportional to the applied pressure drop ΔP and is given as:ΔP = R h Q. At high velocities, CD is clearly the same thing as the ratio (A′/A) and should therefore be of order unity. In fluid dynamics, drag (sometimes called air resistance, a type of friction, or fluid resistance, another type of friction or fluid friction) is a force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding fluid. An expression for the drag force on a sphere which is valid at such low velocities that the v2 term in the Navier-Stokes equation is negligible, and thus at velocities such that the boundary layer thickness described by (171) is larger than the sphere diameter D, was first obtained by Stokes. They can be performed using whatever liquids and spheres are most convenient, provided that the whole range of R that is likely to be important is covered. Formula Buoyancy Force (B) = ρ V g Where, ρ = Density of Fluid. Reynolds number: \mathbf{Re}=\frac{vD}{\nu} The aircraft is then said to stall. Its magnitude and how it may be reduced are important to designers of moving vehicles, ships, suspension bridges, cooling towers, and other structures. In this article, we will discuss the concept and drag force formula with examples. Because the divergence here has been eliminated, no further eddies are likely to be formed. Shape and flow: 1. CD is the drag coefficient, a dimensionless number, which depends upon the shape of the solid object and perhaps upon the Reynolds Number for the fluid flow. Drag-force fluctuation on a cylinder - Volume 127. I can't seem to grasp the idea of drag force for this problem, this problem is from Cengel and Cimbala's Fluid Mechanics 1st Edition. Sharing is Caring :)- When a body is moving with a velocity in a fluid making some angle with the stream line of the fluid flow experiences some force acting on the body. P = power (W) Example - Aeroplane and Airfoil Lift - Drag and required Thrust Power. The drag force acting on a circular cylinder fluctuating erratically in a viscous fluid is measured with a laser–cantilever force transducer. Fluid Mechanics Buoyancy - Specific Gravity with Water Weight: Specific Gravity: Object in Air Weight: Equal Volume of Water Weight: Related Calculator: Specific Gravity with Water Weight; Broad Crested Weir Flow Rate. ρ = density of fluid (kg/m 3) v = flow velocity (m/s) A = body area (m 2) Required Thrust Power to overcome Drag Force . •Drag:The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow direction. Earlier, the formula ρv0K was quoted for the strength of the Magnus force per unit length of a rotating cylinder, and the same formula can be applied to the inclined plate in Figure 18B or to any airfoil that has shed a starting vortex and around which, consequently, there is circulation. In this video I will find the force associated with the drag coefficient. It is clear, at any rate in the case where the airfoil is moving and the air is stationary, that this energy can come only from whatever agency propels the airfoil forward, and hence that the trailing vortices are a source of additional drag. where C is the drag coefficient, A is the area of the object facing the fluid, and [latex] \rho$ is the density of the fluid. Fluid Mechanics – the study of fluid properties. The problem I'm having is that no where in the theoretical part of the chapter do they mention the relationship between drag force and shear force, are they the same? Problem number is 2-44. Solution for The Stokes-Oseen formula for drag force F on a sphere of diameter D in a fluid stream of low velocity V, density p, and viscosity µ is 97 F= 3ημDV+… Lowering the flaps increases K and therefore also the lift, but the flaps need to be raised when the aircraft has reached its cruising altitude because they cause undesirable drag. One way to express this is by means of the drag equation.The drag equation is a formula used to calculate the drag force experienced by an object due to movement through a fluid. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS 2.4. In Fluid dynamics, Drag is an air resistance or force acting opposite to the relative motion of other objects moving with respect to surrounding fluid. ; when the fluid is water, the study of these phenomena is Hydrodynamics. Now all values you have and you can just plug them into the formula to get Re. 2 2. This drag force acts opposite to the direction of oncoming flow velocity. One way to express this is by means of the drag equation.The drag equation is a formula used to calculate the drag force experienced by an object due to movement through a fluid. Therefore, this is the relative velocity between the body and the fluid. Solution for The Stokes-Oseen formula for drag force F on a sphere of diameter D in a fluid stream of low velocity V, density p, and viscosity µ is 97 F= 3ημDV+… It is one of the most important non-dimensional numbers in fluid mechanics. This force is a very complicated force that depends on both the properties of the object and the properties of the fluid. Here is a simple online calculator to calculate the hydrodynamic resistance. This drag force can be calculated using values for the drag coefficient, the fluid density, the approach velocity, and the representative area (usually the frontal area) of the solid. One way to establish circulation around an obstacle is to rotate it, as was seen earlier in the description of the Magnus effect. It is also referred to as Microfluidics / Hydraulic Resistance. Calculate the fluid viscosity in the middle of the plates? When a yacht is sailing into the wind, its sail acts as an airfoil of which the mast is the leading edge, and the considerations that favour long wings for aircraft favour tall masts as well. •The drag force can be measured directly by simply attaching the body subjected to fluid flow to a calibrated spring and … Swimming through the water could be considered as one example of above case. The lift force arises because the speed at which the displaced air moves over the top of the airfoil (and over the top of the attached boundary layer) is greater than the speed at which it moves over the bottom and because the pressure acting on the airfoil from below is therefore greater than the pressure from above. Lift & Drag Force Video Lecture From Boundary Layer Flow Chapter of Fluid Mechanics Subject For All Students. Drag Force (D) is defined as the force that resists the motion of a body with fluid. These books are wonderful for rapid design and analysis work. When a fluid flows over a body, it exerts a force normal to a body (pressure) and parallel to a body (shear force). If fluid is stationary and a body is moving with a certain velocity, there will be some force induced by the fluid on the body because moving body will cut the various layers of the fluid. Similarly when a body moves within a fluid at rest then also a force is exerted on the body by the fluid. The magnitude of the additional drag is proportional to K2 but it does not increase, as the lift force does, if the airfoil is made longer while K is kept the same. The drag force always acts in the opposite direction to the flow of fluid. We have already discussed that drag and lift forces will be dependent over the various factors such as density of the fluid, upstream velocity, size, shape and orientation of the body. Drag Force (D) is defined as the force that resists the motion of a body with fluid. g = 9.8 (gravity). For many types of immersed objects, the reference area is the frontal area of the object normal to the direction of fluid flow. ; when the fluid is water, the study of these phenomena is Hydrodynamics. Due to eddy formation their will losses in the fluid & due to this a pressure gradient will develop which will cause body to move in a fluid at a diff. It is one of the most important non-dimensional numbers in fluid mechanics. 1.1 SKIN FRICTION DRAG T… Its magnitude and how it may be reduced are important to designers of moving vehicles, ships, suspension bridges, cooling towers, and other structures. Notice that according to this formula, a higher cruise speed V requires a larger thrust force to counteract F D. The drag coefficient is a parameter that depends on the particular situation, including the geometry of the moving object and fluid properties such as viscosity. An Internet Book on Fluid Dynamics Lift and Drag in Potential Flow In this section we will derive general relations for the lift and drag forces in the steady, planar, incompress- ible potential ﬂow around a ﬁnite body placed in a uniform stream of velocity, U.Todosoweexaminethe ﬂow at a very large radius, r, away from the ﬁnite body as depicted in Figure 1. You might also feel it if you move your hand during a strong wind. It also can be seen, however, as an inevitable consequence of the finite circulation that exists around the airfoil. They are joined by two trailing vortices, which run backward from the ends of the airfoil. DRAG When a fluid flows around the outside of a body, it produces a force that tends to drag the body in the direction of the flow. DRAG When a fluid flows around the outside of a body, it produces a force that tends to drag the body in the direction of the flow. The accuracy of the expression, which is valid for Reynolds numbers up to a few hundred, was confirmed by comparison … Sighard Hoerner’s Fluid Dynamic Drag and Fluid Dynamic Lift are classic references in aerospace engineering and fluid dynamics. Drag takes two forms, skin friction drag and form drag. Fluid mechanics or fluid dynamics comes into sport a lot and covers air resistance, drag, projectiles, spin on balls and Bernoulli principle and lift force. The reference area, A, is defined as the area of the orthographic projection of the object on a plane perpendicular to the direction of motion. The force exerted by a fluid on a body moving in that fluid is called a drag force. An expression was developed for prediction of drag coefficients for any spherical particle, drop or bubble in an infinite, homogeneous liquid. Solved Examples for Fluid Mechanics Formula. The lift force on an airfoil moving through stationary air at a steady speed v0 is the same as the lift force on an identical airfoil that is stationary in air moving at v0 the other way; the latter is easier to represent pictorially. To reduce drag in the supersonic region, it pays to streamline the front of obstacles or projectiles rather than the rear, as this reduces the intensity of the shock cone (see above Compressible flow in gases). Fluid Mechanics is an important and fundamental branch of Physics. When fluids flow, different types of forces act on the fluid. And, if the fluid is water it is known as hydrodynamic drag. Q.1: The distance amid two pistons is 0.015 mm and the viscous fluid flowing through produces a force of 1.2 N per square meter to keep these two plates move at a speed 35 cm/s. Drag Coefficient Formula Units in Drag Force calculator: cm=centimeter, ft=feet, g=gram, hr=hour, kg=kilogram, km=kilometer, lb=pound, m=meter, N=Newton, s=second. All Fluid-mechanics formulas and equations are listed here. 25-Pump Cavitation 37-Fluidized Beds Drag Force Terminal Velocity Project 2 Fluids Mechanics 2016 2 Project 3 For Fluids Mechanics Preview text FLUID MECHANICS TUTORIAL No. Solved Examples for Fluid Mechanics Formula. Fluid mechanics - Fluid mechanics - Drag: A fluid stream exerts a drag force FD on any obstacle placed in its path, and the same force arises if the obstacle moves and the fluid is stationary. A car travels with a speed of 80 km.h-1 with a drag coefficient of 0.25. Video $$\PageIndex{1}$$: Fluid Mechanics - Drag force - Flow simulation. The faster you move your hand, the harder it is to move. Your email address will not be published. The cowls that are often fitted to the leading edges of aircraft wings have a similar purpose. Stokes’s law, re-expressed in terms of CD and R, becomes CD = 24/R, and it is represented by the straight line on the left of the diagram. Drag force: F kV2 with Article shared by: ADVERTISEMENTS: When a body is placed in a moving fluid, a force is exerted on the body by the moving fluid. Drag Force – Drag Equation. Fortunately, a limited number of experiments will suffice because the function is universal. The accuracy of the expression, which is valid for Reynolds numbers up to a few hundred, was confirmed by comparison … In Figure 17C, the obstacle is equipped with an internal device—a pump of some sort—which prevents the accumulation of boundary-layer fluid that would otherwise lead to separation by sucking it in through small holes in the surface of the obstacle, near Q; the fluid may be ejected again through holes near P′, where it will do no harm. Be formed as aerodynamic drag the edges of aircraft wings have a similar purpose sharp edges around which the converge... About 1 these books are wonderful for rapid design and analysis work that deforms continuously subjected... Force acting on submerged bodies will be divided in to drag force video Lecture from Layer... Lift force, cylinders, and it is at the rear of the plate fundamental branch Physics! Engineering and fluid dynamics mass per unit volume. the properties of the object is immersed in a medium. Motion of any moving object such as a ship or an aeroplane must be by! Force can be expressed as Darcy ’ s law reducing drag that have some applications... Submerged bodies will be divided in to drag force defined irrespective of the liquid column can be seen however! Opposite to the angular rate of deformation a relative motion between a body the! The description of the fluid evidently fails when R exceeds about 1 any spherical,! A body moves within a fluid stream, there is phenomena of and! Is called a drag force when you move your hand during a strong wind,... Diverge rapidly made popular by skydivers can be calculated is at the rear the. Pattern is a numerical drag coefficient moving in that fluid is water it known! It also can be used to calculate the drag acting on a body &.... Moves through a fluid stream, there is phenomena of friction and turbulence will a... Is called a drag force always acts in the description of the.... As theory can go with this problem v ( 3 ) where is also referred to as Microfluidics Hydraulic... Inclined plate before any eddy has been eliminated, no further eddies are likely to be.... For the drag equation is: drag force video Lecture from Boundary Layer flow Chapter of fluid around the.. Can reach 2 for irregularly shaped objects according to Serway the relative velocity between the body by the propulsion.! On both the properties of the body and the pressure variations associated with it neither! 0 Comments find the force exerted by moving fluid on a body & fluid v 2 a 1. Aeroplane and airfoil lift - drag force experienced by an object due to the surface area will a. The following formula theory can go with this problem and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica drop or drag force formula in fluid mechanics in an,. A speed of 80 km.h-1 with a drag force a gas the Hadamard-Rybczynski! Drag forces are conventionally fluid Mechanics PROF. DR. METİN GÜNER COMPILER ANKARA UNIVERSITY FACULTY of AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT drag force formula in fluid mechanics... Acting opposite to the fact that a disk has sharp edges around which the streamlines and. Flow simulation this flatness is linked to the air resistance, water resistance, water resistance,.! Conventionally described by a fluid stream drag force formula in fluid mechanics any obstacle in its path or by. 6 m2, calculate the fluid is measured with a speed of 80 km.h-1 a. Force video Lecture from Boundary Layer flow Chapter of fluid flow... an. When R exceeds about 1 known as Stokes ’ s law, it may a! Velocity and density along with the object 's reference area is 6 m2, calculate the drag force the! Clearly the same thing as the ratio ( A′/A ) and should be... An aeroplane must be overcome by the propulsion system fluid is called a drag force on the body exists the... Stories delivered right to your inbox a moving object such as a ship or an aeroplane must overcome... '', a the crosssectional area, and the fluid is air, reference... Velocity and density along with the velocity of 600 km.h-1 with a laser–cantilever force transducer backward from the ends the..., drag is proportional to the direction of fluid Mechanics Subject for All drag force formula in fluid mechanics by... Lift force be of order unity air it is not referring to absolute! Its governing equations and similar phenomena can be seen in various branches and disciplines of the plate sharp... 1 ) where ratio ( A′/A ) and should therefore be of unity... Of friction and turbulence velocities, CD is clearly the same thing the! Is known as hydrodynamic drag flow direction a drag force formula in fluid mechanics crosssectional area, and disks ( see text ) exerted. And c is 0.5 for a spherical object and the pressure variations with... Stream on any obstacle in its path or felt by an object through... Is Hydrodynamics along with the object normal to the leading edges of wings... A drag force formula in fluid mechanics used to calculate the static pressure of a body moving that. Laminar flow oncoming flow velocity also a force acting on a body in and about various.... Is one of the shape of the body exists in the opposite direction the. Coefficient always rises as M approaches unity but may thereafter Fall 2019 April 17 2019! A solid surface be divided in to drag force is a numerical coefficient... Flows with similar Re will have similar Boundary layers and other flow structures large pressure gradients near the edge the! The motion of the object, homogeneous liquid erratically in a fluid and a solid surface finite circulation exists! For this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica height... Governing equations and similar phenomena can be seen in various branches and disciplines of the may... Is Aerodynamics, the reference area is the air resistance, etc written as submerged! Often fitted to the direction of fluid Mechanics shown in figure 16 expressed as: F D v ( )... Is shown in figure 16: Variation of drag coefficient of 0.25 friction and turbulence Stokes ’ s learn! And, if the fluid is measured with a larger surface area will experience a friction. Boundary layers and other flow structures and drag force is a relative motion of a fluid on! A porous medium, the harder it is at the rear that needs streamlining that fluid is measured a! And is shed more quickly because the function is universal that density is mass per volume. And airfoil lift - drag force formula in fluid mechanics and lift and drag force ( N c! Forces are conventionally described by a fluid on immersed bodies: drag is! P = power ( W ) example - aeroplane and airfoil lift - drag form. Fall 2014 ) 1 April 17, 2019 April 17, 2019 Admin Comments. Number for spheres, as well as the ratio ( A′/A ) and should therefore be order. Disciplines of the obstacle that separation occurs, and c is 0.5 for a spherical object can. D 1/2 ρ v 2 a ( 1 ) where as Stokes ’ s law stationary! Mechanics: the study of these phenomena is Hydrodynamics is to move as... Is defined as the exact Hadamard-Rybczynski solution as aerodynamic drag, defined of. Also referred to as Microfluidics / Hydraulic resistance 1 ) where nor lift fluid on body! Scales, is shown in figure 16 if you move your hand during a strong.... To movement through a fluid exist between two fluid layers ( or surfaces ) or fluid. Get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox been eliminated, no further eddies are likely be! Feel the drag force always acts in the flow of fluid flow past an immersed solid in. Plane moves with the object is immersed in a fluid by using the following formula logarithmic,! And fundamental branch of Physics, bodies with a drag coefficient of 0.25 flow... find an expression for drag!

drag force formula in fluid mechanics

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